Abstract Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a product used in the form of panels that presents as a challenge the simultaneous consideration of the orthogonal arrangement of lamellae with the orthotropic behaviour of wood. In order to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of CLT panels in bending, it is possible to resort to plate theories, numerical and simplified methods. Within this context, this paper proposed to analyse the normal and shear stresses, as well the vertical displacements in a given CLT panel through three plate theories, three simplified methods, Finite Element Method and a proposed analytical method. For the study, a five-layered CLT panel with lamellae thickness of 20 mm, at first, with sides of 3 m. Afterward, parametric variations of the ratio between spans were also stipulated. The structural analysis permitted to obtain the stresses and the vertical displacements for the aforementioned panel. The parametric variations carried out made it possible to verify the sensitivity of the proposed panel in terms of stresses and vertical displacements against variations in the ratio between the panel’s plan dimensions.

Resumo Amadeira lamelada colada cruzada (MLCC) é um produto empregado na forma de painéis que apresenta como desafio a consideração conjunta da disposição ortogonal de lamelas com o comportamento ortotrópico da madeira. Para avaliar o comportamento mecânico de painéis de MLCC, em flexão simples, é possível recorrer a teorias de placas, métodos numéricos e simplificados. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho se propôs a analisar as tensões, normais e de cisalhamento, bem como os deslocamentos verticais em um dado painel de MLCC por meio de três teorias de placas, três métodos simplificados, método dos elementos finitos e um método analítico proposto. Para o estudo, foi considerado um painel de MLCC com cinco camadas de 20 mm de espessura, inicialmente quadrado com lados de 3 m, sendo, posteriormente, realizadas análises paramétricas da razão entre as dimensões em planta. Com as análises estruturais, foi possível a obtenção das tensões, bem como os deslocamentos verticais do referido painel. As análises paramétricas realizadas permitiram averiguar a sensibilidade do painel de MLCC proposto, em termos de tensões e deslocamentos verticais, frente às variações da razão entre as dimensões em planta do painel.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to experimentally evaluate the embedding strength of dowel-type fasteners in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), observing the effect of lamellae orientation and the dowel diameters. Thereby, CLT specimens – with three layers of lamellae – and solid timber specimens were produced and tested under loads at 0º and 90º with the direction of the grain, considering five dowel diameters. The results showed that CLT embedding strength depends on the dowel diameter in the two investigated directions. The CLT embedding strength parallel to the grain was up to 8% lower than those for solid timber in the same direction, and up to 26% higher than the solid timber strength in the perpendicular direction. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant difference between the mean values of the CLT and solid timber embedding strengths, except for the embedding strength perpendicular to the grain found for 16 mm dowel diameter. When comparing the results obtained experimentally with those determined analytically, the equation proposed by KENNEDYet al.(2014) led to a better agreement, for both the loads applied at 0º and 90º to the grain direction.

RESUMO O devido estudo tem por finalidade avaliar condições de sustentabilidade da arborização presente no acompanhamento viário de Cafeara - PR, além de recomendar possíveis técnicas de manejo aplicáveis à vegetação no meio urbano. Para tanto, realizou-se a elaboração de um inventário arbóreo associado à prática de entrevistas in loco, possibilitando o diagnóstico de espécies existentes na área de estudo e a verificação do comportamento da arborização. Com a elaboração da pesquisa, constatou-se que o município apresentou desenvolvimento de vegetação sustentável, comprovado pelo plantio de mudas nativas, elaboração de projetos ambientais e mantenimento de técnicas de manejo. Apesar do reconhecimento de técnicas sustentáveis executadas junto à arborização, foi possível verificar que a municipalidade em questão dispõe de potencial para avanços ainda significativos quanto ao tema proposto, reduzindo assim, parte dos conflitos arbóreos com equipamentos públicos e potencializando os benefícios da vegetação. Como alternativa para solução dos problemas existentes recomendou-se o estímulo de medidas corretivas, dentre elas: plantio de espécies arbóreas em locais de intensa insolação, disposição de resíduos da poda como forma de adubo, cultivo de espécies com potencial florístico e/ou frutífero, além da elaboração de um plano municipal de manejo para a arborização. Por todo exposto, notou-se que, embora haja necessidade de readequações, o sistema de arborização tem sido eficiente quanto a sua funcionalidade, atuando de forma sustentável em virtude da execução de ações de gestão pública e participação cidadã.

ABSTRACT The proper study aims to assess sustainability conditions of afforestation in Cafeara streets, PR state, and recommend possible management techniques for vegetation in urban areas. Therefore, there was the development of a tree inventory associated with the practice of on-site interviews, allowing the diagnosis of species in the study area and verify the behavior of afforestation. Along with the preparation of the research, it was found that the city had development of sustainable vegetation, evidenced by planting native seedlings, preparation of environmental projects and maintenance management techniques. Despite the recognition of sustainable techniques performed by the trees, we observed that the studied municipality has the potential for significant progress on the proposed theme, thus reducing part of arboreal conflicts with public facilities and enhancing the benefits of vegetation. As an alternative for the resolution of the existing problems, it is recommended the stimulation of corrective measures, among them: planting tree species in places of intense sunstroke, waste disposal pruning as a form of fertilizer, crop species with floristic and/ or fruitful potential, besides the development of a municipal management plan for afforestation. For all the above, it was noted that although there is need for readjustments, the afforestation system has been effective as its functionality, acting sustainably due to the implementation of public management actions and citizen participation.

Timber-concrete composite structures work appropriately when a suitable connection system is included because the degree of interaction between the materials stiffs the structural system. Thereby, it is extremely important to improve the knowledge about their connection system. The purpose of this paper is to show the results obtained by experimental investigation into push-out shear tests of glulam-concrete specimens. The specimens were designed to simulate the behaviour of composite T beams and the connection system was constituted by steel hooks - got by the division of steel bars used in reinforced concrete members - and by perforated steel plates, both glued with epoxy adhesive. They were tested under shear forces with constant loading rate. Six specimens of each group were made, considering two different diameters for the hooks (8 and 10 mm) and 4.75 mm thick perforated steel plates. The stiffness reached by steel hooks confirms their suitability for the use in composite timber-concrete systems.